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Definition : It is a common inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous follicles in which the pilosebaceous follicles become oversensitive to a normal level of testosterone.  Cause : Androgens  Follicular keratinisation  Hereditary  Propionic bacterium acnes  Immunological factor Environmental factor  Exacerbating factor : Peak severity of acne is in the late teenage years but acne may persist into the 3rd decade  and beyond particularly in a female. Factors : Acne occurs with stress Premenstrual period  With aggressive acne or recalcitrant acne, the cause is virilising syndrome in female, acromegaly, Occupational exposure to an agent.  A drug like steroids, hormones, anti-epileptic drugs, Iodine.  Genetic & hormonal factor plays an important role.  Pathogenetic factor : Increase sebum excretion: Clear relation between severity of acne & sebum excretion.  Main determinants of sebum excretion are hormonal accounting for the onset of acne in t

Guiding symptoms of our materia medica Justicia Adhatoda  Common name:  Vasaka.  Arusha.  Adhatodai.  Malabar nut.  Baidyamata. Family:  Acanthaceae Clinical:    Bronchitis.  Pneumonia.  Phthisis.  Hemoptysis.  Cough. Coryza. Jaundice.  Constipation.  Vomiting. Introduction: Excellent in all acute cough and cold.  Proclaimed that no death can take place from any kind of cough. Mind:   Oversensitive to external impression.  Anxious.  No desire to talk.  Low spirited.  Despondent. Head:   Burning sensation over the forehead.  Hot the sensation on head.  Pulsating sensation both temples.  The heaviness of head.  Fullness of head. Eyes:   Burning in the eye.  Dimness of vision.  Lacrimation with coryza.  Watery discharge from the eye. Ears:  Intolerance of sound.  Pain in the ear. Nose:  Swelling in the nose.  Profuse coryza with sneezing and headache.  Obstruction of the nose with snuffles.  Loss of sm

Keloid is a vascular hypertrophic scar. It is actually a form of soft fibroma, prone to recurrence, and is different from a usual hypertrophic scar.  Diagnostic point : Scar raised above the surface and widened. Claw like processes spreading out from the margins. Red or pink coloured. A symptom of intense itching. Firm inconsistency. Margin may be tender in a growing keloid.  Predisposing causes : Site of scar: Example - Vertical scar in neck and ear. Nature: Vaccination scar and burns are prone to keloid formation.  Race: Negroes are common sufferers.  Common in T.B. patients. Pregnant state: Sometimes keloid formation is common after operation or wounds occurring during pregnancy.   Treatment : Preoperative deep therapy is followed by excision of the keloid and skin grafting, if skin edges can't be brought together without tension.  Postoperative deep X-ray should be started, when the skin graft has taken.  All these measures are

A scar is a result of abnormal healing of wound with a mass of devascularised fibrous tissue covered by a single layer of epithelium, which contains no skin appendages or no lymphatics. During the process of healing the blood vessels are constructed by the collagen fibre of the fibroblasts, hence the scar is relatively avascular.  Complications : 1. Contracture and deformity  Scar contracts to one-third of its original length.  Effects :  1. Deformity: Especially of flexor surface of joints.  2. Limitation of joint movement : False ankylosis  Predisposing cause : Infection  burns  Treatment : Preventive :  Splinting and early skin graft.  Curative :  Gradually stretching  Excision and followed by a skin graft. Pedicle graft can only prevent subsequent contracture and at times Thiersch graft is better avoided. Z plastic with rearrangement of scar lines.  2. Keloid  Keloid is a vascular hypertrophic scar. It is actually a form o

Hypertrophic scar : Scar not raised or only minimally raised above skin surface as the overgrowth of scar tissue is confined to skin edges. The scar crossing normal skin creases or Langer's line is susceptible to become hypertrophic. Margins do not tender to touch and the patient may not have itching. Histologically no eosinophilic hyaline collagen fibres. Keloid : As overgrowth of fibrous tissue extends beyond the original wound into the normal tissues-scar is raised well beyond the skin surface. Predisposing factors are Negro race, Tuberculosis, pregnancy state, scars over certain parts of the body like anterior chest wall, ear lobule, and post-burn scars. Margins tender and itching is very common. Characteristically seen in histopathological slides showing eosinophilic hyaline-like collagen fibres.

Guiding symptoms of Matria Medica Bismuthum Common name: Hydrated oxide of bismuth - B12 O3 OH2, Precipitated subnitrate of bismuth Founder: Hahnemann Miasm: Psora and syphilis Introduction:  It is a metal It mostly uses for stomach problem The chief action of this drug is catarrhal inflammation and irritation of the alimentary canal Mind  Nervous system Clinical:   Acidity Cholera Cough Diarrhoea Delirium Headache  Gangrene Mind:   Desire to company always Great anguish and restlessness Solitude is unbearable is most imp symptoms Complain about his condition.Discontented Notice in children who hold mother’s hand for company and would not let her go away  He sits, walks and then lies, never remain for long in one place Delirium tremens with loss of consciousness Mental apathy with insensibility Mental complaint aggravate in summer, heat, abdominal operation Mouth:  Tooth pain better by cold water in the mouth Gums swo

Guiding symptoms of Matria Medica Robinia pseudoacacia Common name: Yellow locust Founder:  Burt Introduction:   Medicine prepare form locust tree. Tincher prepare from fresh bark of the young twigs. Indigenous to the southern part of united state This medicine for hyperchlorhydria In the case of albuminoid digestion is too rapid and starch digestion is prevented.  Gastric symptoms with the most pronounced acidity The acidity of Robina is accompanied by frontal headache Acrid eructation Acrid and Green is vomiting Colic and flatulence Nocturnal burning pain in the stomach Constipation with urgent Desire Acidity in children Sour stool and preparation. Imprisoned flatus Head: Throbbing, dull frontal pain Aggravate by motion and reading Gastric headache  Headache with acid vomiting Stomach: Heavy, dull aching Nausea Sour eructation Great distension of the stomach and bowel Profuse vomiting of an intensely sour fluid  Flatulent colic